Proverbs, Chapter 27 - Insights on Life, Friendship, and Wisdom

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

When it comes to receiving praise, let it come from someone else and not from your own mouth. It's honorable to have the kind of reputation where others speak well of you. Take, for example, Demetrius, who had a stellar report from everyone, or the brother whose commendation spread throughout all the churches. Receiving praise from others boosts your reputation, while self-praise can damage it. There are moments, however, where self-commendation is necessary, like when defending God's glory or one's own integrity, as we've seen with figures like the prophet Samuel and the Apostle Paul.

Similarly, if praise comes from a stranger or someone not closely acquainted with you—even a foreigner—it carries even more weight. Such commendations are seen as more genuine and are far more graceful than those coming from one's own lips.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In the biblical text, things like a heavy stone or sand can represent serious burdens. Remember the stone at the well where Laban's sheep were watered? It was so heavy that it took multiple shepherds to move it. Similarly, the weighty stone that Jerusalem is likened to in Zechariah's prophecy, or the enormous stone that the angel rolled away from Christ's tomb, these represent significant weight and effort. Likewise, sand is no lightweight contender—it’s cumbersome and hard to manage, which Job alludes to when he compares heavy afflictions to it.

But then there’s a fool's wrath, and the text argues this is even heavier and more burdensome than either stones or sand. It's immovable, festering in the fool's heart and possibly becoming unbearable even to himself. This destructive anger can consume the foolish man, as in the case of Nabal, and it's a feared burden to others, much like the fury of Nebuchadnezzar and his fiery furnace in the biblical narratives. Essentially, the text emphasizes how perilous and crushing an unchecked, foolish wrath can be to all involved.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In life, anger can erupt like a violent flood, overpowering everything in its path. We see this in various historical episodes: Simeon and Levi's brutal attack on the Shechemites, Pharaoh's heartless treatment of the Israelites, and Herod's cruel massacre of infants in Bethlehem. Anger fuels these actions with a force that seems unstoppable.

Yet, perhaps even more pernicious is envy. This emotion quietly festers within, plotting and scheming harm in ways that are often undetectable until it's too late. History and literature are rife with its destructive power—from Cain’s jealousy leading to Abel’s murder to Joseph’s brothers selling him into slavery, and even the envy of the Jews resulting in the crucifixion of Christ.

Envy, unlike anger, doesn’t dissipate quickly. It lingers, corrodes relations, and can breed chaos and malevolent actions. As James notes, where there is envy, disorder and wickedness are sure to follow. Anger may flare and subside, but envy endures, subtly and destructively weaving its mischief.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Open rebuke is better than hidden love. This isn't necessarily about calling someone out in public, though some scholars think it might be. Instead, it's about offering honest and direct feedback out of genuine concern. When friends need to address each other's mistakes, it should be done privately, as advised in Matthew 18:15.

True rebuke involves being open and straightforward about someone’s faults, much like the Apostle Paul did when he directly confronted Peter in Galatians 2:11. This type of honest feedback is far more valuable than a so-called love that avoids difficult conversations to avoid hurt feelings or losing a friendship. In fact, staying silent about someone’s faults can be more harmful, as it allows the person to continue in their mistakes unchecked. True love means caring enough to speak up, even when it's tough.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

It’s often said that true friends tell us what we need to hear, not what we want to hear. Friendly reproaches, even if they sting a bit, come from a place of genuine concern and love. They might cause some discomfort initially, but they're meant to help and should be welcomed rather than resisted. Think of them as the tough love that pushes you to be your best self.

On the flip side, beware of sweet words and affections from those who don’t have your best interest at heart. These flattering gestures are often deceptive, with an insidious undercurrent. These "kisses" are more than just insincere; they're dangerous and can cause real harm. So, in the words of the ancient philosopher Isocrates, trust those who dare to correct you when you're wrong, not those who constantly shower you with empty praise.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In his reflections, biblical scholar John Gill unravels a layered proverb: a satisfied soul finds even a honeycomb unappealing, while a hungry soul savors every bitter morsel. The metaphor speaks vividly of both physical and spiritual hunger.

Gill describes a full soul as one that not only rejects but actively despises even the sweetness of honey. This disdain could be attributed to overindulgence—a state in which even the finest foods lose their charm. In the spiritual realm, he likens this to a self-sufficient individual who is overly confident in their own wisdom, holiness, and righteousness. Such a person finds the Gospel, with its call for humility and self-denial, as insipid as the blandest food. The Gospel, with all its sweet promises, becomes unpalatable because it challenges their self-perception and pride.

On the flip side, for the spiritually hungry—a person acutely aware of their shortcomings and yearnings—the Gospel is a feast, turning even the most challenging teachings into sweetness. Much like how the needy appreciate even the most basic sustenance, those who yearn for spiritual nourishment find joy and satisfaction in the words and promises of Christ.

Gill delves deeper, suggesting that environments rich with spiritual resources can lead to people becoming picky or even dismissive. But in places where spiritual teachings are rare, those truly hungry for faith treasure every morsel, regardless of how it is presented.

This metaphor extends to modern life, reminding us that the state of satisfaction—or lack thereof—profoundly impacts how we perceive and value what we receive, be it food for the body or soul.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Imagine a bird that leaves its nest, perhaps in search of food for itself and its offspring. This bird, while trying to provide, faces dangers it wouldn't encounter if it stayed put—risks from predators or hunters that exploit its absence. In ancient Israel, laws existed to protect such vulnerable creatures, reflecting a broader moral principle.

Taking this imagery to humans, consider a person who leaves their home in times of famine, much like the biblical account of Jacob's sons journeying to Egypt for sustenance. In a modern spiritual sense, this could represent those who abandon everything to follow a higher calling, seeking nourishment for their souls. Yet, history also speaks of individuals who, driven by persecution, have had to wander through deserts and mountains, finding refuge in caves to escape their enemies.

However, there's a cautionary tale here. It also addresses those dissatisfied with their current life circumstances, seeking new occupations without regard for the potential fallout. This could be harmful not only to themselves but also to their families. Spiritually speaking, it warns against straying from established paths of understanding and worship, suggesting that such departures often lead to detrimental outcomes.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Picture this: the joy brought by a splash of fragrant perfume or a touch of rich ointment during a lively gathering. It's not just the luxury oils used in sacred rituals, but the everyday scents used to brighten up rooms and welcome guests. They lift the spirits and please the senses, making everyone feel at ease and happy.

Now, think about the sweet, sincere advice from a good friend. Their heartfelt words and thoughtful counsel are like those delightful scents, bringing even more joy and comfort. You cherish it, you take it to heart, and you feel genuinely uplifted by it. It's not just any advice, but guidance that touches the core of your being, offering wisdom for both present challenges and future aspirations.

Imagine the advice from Christ, about finding spiritual riches, or the timeless guidance from the Scriptures—these are like a rich ointment for the soul. They bring life and hope, resonating deeply with those who listen. Even some Jewish scholars believe that a friend's sweet counsel is more delightful than one's own wisdom. After all, isn't that why the wise words from a close companion often feel more precious and impactful?

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In a heartfelt nod to the value of long-lasting relationships, the advice here is simple yet profound: stick with the friends who have stood the test of time, including those who were close to your parents. More often than not, relying on new acquaintances can lead to unintended consequences. This is something biblical figure Solomon took to heart, maintaining a strong bond with his father's ally, Hiram. Unfortunately, his son Rehoboam ignored the seasoned counsel of his father’s advisors in favor of younger, less experienced voices, and as a result, lost control of ten tribes.

For modern readers, this age-old wisdom underscores the importance of trusted friendships, those who have proven their loyalty over the years. It equates such friends to God, who remains a steadfast ally through all of life's ups and downs.

Furthermore, in times of personal crisis, such as financial trouble or distress, the text advises against burdening your siblings with your problems. Instead, turn to those reliable friends who have shown time and again that they care deeply for you—sometimes, a loyal friend living nearby can provide more immediate and heartfelt support than a distant family member. This timeless truth is echoed in literature, too; when the skies darken in your life, it’s those old, true friends who will likely stand by your side.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

"Son, be wise and make my heart glad."

In simple terms, show your wisdom through your words and actions. Strive for knowledge and use it well - nothing pleases a parent more than seeing their child act with wisdom and prudence.

This way, when critics come at me, accusing me of raising a foolish or wicked son, or implying I set a poor example or failed in your education, I will have an answer for them. Your wise behavior is the best rebuttal to any reproach.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

A wise person sees trouble coming and prepares for it. Understanding the nature and consequences of sin, both in terms of actions and inner desires, they become aware of the damage it can cause. Sin distorts humanity's reflection of God, strips away righteousness, and corrupts the soul. Recognizing this, the wise are filled with regret, reject their past misdeeds, and seek forgiveness.

Faced with the looming threat of divine punishment and eternal separation from God, the wise seek refuge not in physical hiding places or their own good deeds, but in Christ. They find solace in His sacrifice, seeing Him as a stronghold against God's wrath – a safe harbor amidst storms. Christ’s redemption and intercession provide the needed sanctuary.

On the other hand, those who remain naive and careless continue their ways without concern. Oblivious to the impending danger, they persist in their wrongdoings until they ultimately face unavoidable catastrophe, falling into an inescapable abyss.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In other words, if someone has vouched for a stranger, it's wise to take their garment as collateral. The same goes if they've guaranteed for someone they barely know. This ancient proverb highlights the importance of cautiousness when dealing with unfamiliar individuals.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Imagine waking up at the crack of dawn to the sound of someone loudly singing your praises. It’s not just any morning greeting, but an over-the-top, extravagant shower of compliments that could make anyone cringe. This is the kind of scenario discussed in an ancient proverb, which warns against the dangers of excessive flattery.

We're talking about someone who doesn’t just pay a compliment, but goes way beyond the bounds of modesty and truth, using grandiose and hyperbolic language. It's the kind of praise that’s so loud and so public that it’s clear there's an ulterior motive behind it. This individual is not just trying to be nice; they're trying to manipulate or gain something by being a sycophant.

Whether it’s because this person rises absurdly early to start their adulation or because they do it incessantly throughout the day, their actions are a bit suspicious. It’s almost as if they think they won’t have enough daylight hours to finish their overblown tribute unless they start at the break of day.

Here’s the kicker: this behavior isn’t just eye-roll-inducing; it actually backfires. The proverb suggests that rather than being seen as a well-wisher, the flatterer is viewed with the same disdain as someone who curses. Both the flatterer and the flattered become subjects of contempt. Wise people see right through the charade and despise the flatterer, while the recipient of such exaggerated praise may end up being the target of others' resentment or skepticism.

In some cases, even divine disapproval can come into play. Referencing the biblical tale of Herod, showered with flattering words right before facing divine retribution, it’s clear that such empty flattery can invoke the opposite of the intended effect. So, next time you think about doling out praise, remember: honesty and modesty go a long way, and there's no need to wake up the neighborhood with your compliments.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Imagine being stuck indoors on a day when the rain just won't let up. You're not just wrestling with the weather seeping through a leaky roof but also the irritating drip, drip, drip that comes with it. It's a miserable affair, forcing you to huddle inside with no relief in sight. Now, picture this scenario as a metaphor for living with a quarrelsome partner.

In the Book of Proverbs, a contentious woman is likened to that unpleasant, never-ending drizzle. Just as you can't escape the discomfort inside or outside on such a rainy day, a man finds no peace at home with a constantly nagging and argumentative spouse. Venturing outside offers no solace either, as he risks becoming the subject of ridicule among friends and neighbors. And when he returns, he's likely to face even more criticism for daring to step out in the first place.

Ancient wisdom indeed, but the analogy rings true for anyone who has ever faced the double whammy of relentless rain and relentless bickering.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Trying to silence a contentious person, especially a quarrelsome woman, is as futile as trying to hold back the wind with your bare hands. Imagine someone desperately attempting to contain the breeze by cupping it tightly — it's a laughably impossible task. Similarly, efforts to stifle her noisy disputes only seem to amplify the drama and reinforce the embarrassment.

Consider someone holding a fragrant ointment in their hand. No matter how tightly they grip it, the scent inevitably escapes, announcing its presence to everyone nearby. The more they try to conceal it, the more noticeable it becomes. This is a perfect metaphor for the difficulty of quenching the verbal storms of a contentious person. The harder you try to suppress her outbursts, the louder and more apparent they become.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In the same way a butcher sharpens his tools with iron, spending time with friends can sharpen one's mind and spirit. Conversations with friends, much like scholarly debates or thoughtful Christian fellowship, encourage personal and intellectual growth. Each person brings out the best in the other, nurturing their abilities and inspiring them to pursue good deeds and deeper knowledge. While most interpret this iron-sharpening metaphor in a positive light, some suggest that, just as iron can also provoke friction, a hot-tempered individual can stir up anger in others. Nonetheless, many agree that camaraderie and good company bring joy and enrich one’s life.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

If you nurture a fig tree, it's only natural that you'll get to enjoy its fruits. In the same way, someone who diligently cares for their employer, protecting their interests and faithfully carrying out their duties, will inevitably receive recognition for their efforts. This idea is embodied in the story of Joseph, who was honored in Potiphar's house for his loyalty and dedication. The principle extends to all who earnestly follow commands and serve diligently – they too will find themselves honored.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In the old saying, "As in water, face reflects face," ancient wisdom meets modern observation. Simply put, just as you see your own reflection in water, you see what's in another person's heart through their actions and expressions. Despite the poet saying you can't always trust a face, emotions like anger or resentment often break through, much like they did with Cain or the change Jacob noticed in Laban.

Essentially, what people say and do gives away their inner thoughts. Think of the Bible as a mirror—like water—that helps us see our spiritual selves. Scriptures, especially the law, not only reveal God’s standards but also our own flaws and sins. The Gospel, on the other hand, lets us spot Christ’s influence within us, showing if we genuinely embody his teachings through virtues like faith, hope, and love.

Remarkably, human hearts are quite similar to each other. Whether good or bad, unregenerate or devout, we all share a lot beneath the surface. Bad hearts, untouched by grace, are universally wicked and inclined toward evil. But good hearts, shaped by the same divine work, resonate with each other's experiences and struggles. They’ve all turned away from sin and self-righteousness to rely on Christ fully.

Our spiritual battles, promises, and temptations mirror the saints of the past and present. In this way, the human heart mirrors another’s as precisely as a face in water, uniting us across ages and cultures. Interestingly, some interpretations flip this idea, suggesting human hearts are as unique as individual faces seen in a stream. But whether similar or diverse, it's clear: our inner lives are as telling as our reflections in water.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Hell and destruction are never filled up. The grave, often referred to as 'destruction' because bodies placed in it decay quickly, perpetually craves more bodies. No matter how many enter, it remains ready for the next. The biblical reference to the place where Gog is buried, Hamongog, or the Greek 'Polyandrion,' highlights this unending hunger. The dead, called 'the many' by Latins, do not saturate the grave, which perpetually seeks more, as noted in Proverbs 30:16. The concept also extends to hell, understood as a place of eternal damnation, which has already engulfed countless souls and awaits more, remaining unsatisfied until the end of time.

Similarly, human eyes are never content. Physically, our eyes always desire more to see, never reaching a point of saturation, as Ecclesiastes 1:8 suggests. This insatiable craving extends beyond the physical to the metaphorical "eyes" of our desires—whether ambition, greed, or lust. These, too, are never satiated, constantly yearning for more.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Consider silver and gold, which undergo intense heating to prove their purity. Similarly, a person's true character is revealed in the face of praise. If someone self-aggrandizes, as mentioned in Proverbs 27:2, they show their folly and vanity. On the other hand, if people of integrity commend someone, that person likely boasts similar virtues. Conversely, praise from unsavory individuals might indicate a shared lack of integrity.

The essence is this: Observe how praise affects someone. If it leads to arrogance and conceit, the person is likely shallow. However, if they remain humble, driven, and grateful, crediting their achievements to higher powers or others, they display wisdom and goodness.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Even if you pound a fool as you would pulverize wheat in a mortar, he won't change his ways. Just like wheat retains its nature despite being beaten and ground up, a foolish person will remain foolish no matter how harshly he is treated. Be it through harsh words, stern advice, or even physical punishment, nothing seems to strip away his inherent foolishness. Whether this correction happens in a public setting like a congregation or council, or in a private moment of reprimand, the fool's inherent depravity and tendency towards sin remain stubbornly intact, echoing the frustration expressed in Isaiah 1:5. This sentiment is reminiscent of the cruel fate of the philosopher Anaxarchus, who endured the punishment of being pounded to death in a stone mortar, yet faced it with unyielding patience.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Pay close attention to your livestock—know the state of your flocks inside and out. This means understanding their health, how well they're producing, and ensuring they have the right pasture and necessary resources. Not only should you be aware of their overall number, but you should also connect with each animal individually if possible.

This advice is particularly aimed at shepherds, whose role is noble and necessary, but it's just as applicable to anyone in any line of work. The same degree of attentiveness and hard work should be put into all jobs to secure the welfare of oneself and one's family.

Interestingly, the original text uses "the face of thy flocks," suggesting that diligent shepherds might recognize each sheep distinctly. While it could be seen as guidance for actual shepherds, it's equally relevant to spiritual leaders, encouraging them to take good care of their congregations. Just as shepherds are responsible for their sheep, pastors should be attentive to their flock's well-being, providing guidance and understanding.

Additionally, look after your cattle with genuine care. Show heartfelt concern for their needs because meeting these needs benefits both you and them.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Riches are fleeting, here today and gone tomorrow. Even if you've got a sizable fortune, it's wise to have a steady day job—farming, for instance, is a good bet. By tending to your crops or livestock, you're more likely to keep and grow your wealth, whereas relying solely on your riches is risky.

And what about those in power? Even a royal crown isn't a guarantee for the future. A king might reign today, but there's no promise it will stay in his family for generations. Historically, even kings took to farming, like China's ancient rulers who set an example of hard work for their people. King Hezekiah, too, amassed great amounts of livestock to ensure his wealth (2 Chronicles 32:28).

In essence, be diligent and invest your time in something sustainable, because neither money nor power is a sure thing.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

The hay appears, and the tender grass shows itself, illustrating the straightforwardness of pastoral life. While some interpret this passage as a comment on the fleeting nature of wealth, which disappears as quickly as newly-sprouted grass transforms into hay, it more convincingly promotes the ease of pastoral living.

The idea here is simple: grass grows abundantly on the earth's valleys and hills, ready for livestock to graze upon. This eliminates the need for hefty efforts; just drive your herds to the pastures and let them feed. Cut, dry, and store the hay for winter. Even as you store away your hay, new grass springs up, ensuring a continuous food supply for your livestock.

Moreover, the herbs growing on mountainsides can be gathered for immediate use for the cattle or stored for future needs. They also serve a medicinal purpose, highlighting their multifaceted utility in a pastoral setting.

In short, pastoral life offers a sustainable and relatively effortless way to maintain livestock, thanks to the natural provisions of the land.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In today's economic landscape, it's clear that hard work and diligence in any profession can lead to tangible rewards. Take, for instance, the role of a shepherd. The wool from lambs isn't just an endpoint; it transforms into warm, comfortable clothing, much like Job long ago suggested.

Similarly, goats, often underappreciated, hold substantial economic value. By raising and selling them, a farmer can generate funds to buy more land for grazing or other vital resources for their livelihood. This idea finds support in ancient texts and interpretations, which hint at goats being bartered for life's essentials. So, for both sustenance and apparel, the synergy between lambs and goats is indispensable, showcasing a harmonious balance of utility in agriculture.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In Proverbs 27:27, the scripture assures us that a diligent farmer will have plenty of goat's milk to sustain himself, his household, and his servants. The text contrasts male goats, which were often sold to finance various needs, with female goats, valued for their milk. This milk wasn't just a staple in people's diets; it was also recommended by some doctors as highly nutritious, second only to human milk.

The message is clear: a hardworking and attentive individual will be rewarded with enough provision to satisfy his family's needs. Even if this means simple fare like goat's milk, it underscores the importance of contentment with what one has, as long as it meets basic needs. This echoes a broader life lesson about the virtue of diligence and the satisfaction of modest but sufficient living.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

When it comes to receiving praise, let it come from someone else and not from your own mouth. It's honorable to have the kind of reputation where others speak well of you. Take, for example, Demetrius, who had a stellar report from everyone, or the brother whose commendation spread throughout all the churches. Receiving praise from others boosts your reputation, while self-praise can damage it. There are moments, however, where self-commendation is necessary, like when defending God's glory or one's own integrity, as we've seen with figures like the prophet Samuel and the Apostle Paul.

Similarly, if praise comes from a stranger or someone not closely acquainted with you—even a foreigner—it carries even more weight. Such commendations are seen as more genuine and are far more graceful than those coming from one's own lips.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In the biblical text, things like a heavy stone or sand can represent serious burdens. Remember the stone at the well where Laban's sheep were watered? It was so heavy that it took multiple shepherds to move it. Similarly, the weighty stone that Jerusalem is likened to in Zechariah's prophecy, or the enormous stone that the angel rolled away from Christ's tomb, these represent significant weight and effort. Likewise, sand is no lightweight contender—it’s cumbersome and hard to manage, which Job alludes to when he compares heavy afflictions to it.

But then there’s a fool's wrath, and the text argues this is even heavier and more burdensome than either stones or sand. It's immovable, festering in the fool's heart and possibly becoming unbearable even to himself. This destructive anger can consume the foolish man, as in the case of Nabal, and it's a feared burden to others, much like the fury of Nebuchadnezzar and his fiery furnace in the biblical narratives. Essentially, the text emphasizes how perilous and crushing an unchecked, foolish wrath can be to all involved.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In life, anger can erupt like a violent flood, overpowering everything in its path. We see this in various historical episodes: Simeon and Levi's brutal attack on the Shechemites, Pharaoh's heartless treatment of the Israelites, and Herod's cruel massacre of infants in Bethlehem. Anger fuels these actions with a force that seems unstoppable.

Yet, perhaps even more pernicious is envy. This emotion quietly festers within, plotting and scheming harm in ways that are often undetectable until it's too late. History and literature are rife with its destructive power—from Cain’s jealousy leading to Abel’s murder to Joseph’s brothers selling him into slavery, and even the envy of the Jews resulting in the crucifixion of Christ.

Envy, unlike anger, doesn’t dissipate quickly. It lingers, corrodes relations, and can breed chaos and malevolent actions. As James notes, where there is envy, disorder and wickedness are sure to follow. Anger may flare and subside, but envy endures, subtly and destructively weaving its mischief.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Open rebuke is better than hidden love. This isn't necessarily about calling someone out in public, though some scholars think it might be. Instead, it's about offering honest and direct feedback out of genuine concern. When friends need to address each other's mistakes, it should be done privately, as advised in Matthew 18:15.

True rebuke involves being open and straightforward about someone’s faults, much like the Apostle Paul did when he directly confronted Peter in Galatians 2:11. This type of honest feedback is far more valuable than a so-called love that avoids difficult conversations to avoid hurt feelings or losing a friendship. In fact, staying silent about someone’s faults can be more harmful, as it allows the person to continue in their mistakes unchecked. True love means caring enough to speak up, even when it's tough.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

It’s often said that true friends tell us what we need to hear, not what we want to hear. Friendly reproaches, even if they sting a bit, come from a place of genuine concern and love. They might cause some discomfort initially, but they're meant to help and should be welcomed rather than resisted. Think of them as the tough love that pushes you to be your best self.

On the flip side, beware of sweet words and affections from those who don’t have your best interest at heart. These flattering gestures are often deceptive, with an insidious undercurrent. These "kisses" are more than just insincere; they're dangerous and can cause real harm. So, in the words of the ancient philosopher Isocrates, trust those who dare to correct you when you're wrong, not those who constantly shower you with empty praise.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In his reflections, biblical scholar John Gill unravels a layered proverb: a satisfied soul finds even a honeycomb unappealing, while a hungry soul savors every bitter morsel. The metaphor speaks vividly of both physical and spiritual hunger.

Gill describes a full soul as one that not only rejects but actively despises even the sweetness of honey. This disdain could be attributed to overindulgence—a state in which even the finest foods lose their charm. In the spiritual realm, he likens this to a self-sufficient individual who is overly confident in their own wisdom, holiness, and righteousness. Such a person finds the Gospel, with its call for humility and self-denial, as insipid as the blandest food. The Gospel, with all its sweet promises, becomes unpalatable because it challenges their self-perception and pride.

On the flip side, for the spiritually hungry—a person acutely aware of their shortcomings and yearnings—the Gospel is a feast, turning even the most challenging teachings into sweetness. Much like how the needy appreciate even the most basic sustenance, those who yearn for spiritual nourishment find joy and satisfaction in the words and promises of Christ.

Gill delves deeper, suggesting that environments rich with spiritual resources can lead to people becoming picky or even dismissive. But in places where spiritual teachings are rare, those truly hungry for faith treasure every morsel, regardless of how it is presented.

This metaphor extends to modern life, reminding us that the state of satisfaction—or lack thereof—profoundly impacts how we perceive and value what we receive, be it food for the body or soul.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Imagine a bird that leaves its nest, perhaps in search of food for itself and its offspring. This bird, while trying to provide, faces dangers it wouldn't encounter if it stayed put—risks from predators or hunters that exploit its absence. In ancient Israel, laws existed to protect such vulnerable creatures, reflecting a broader moral principle.

Taking this imagery to humans, consider a person who leaves their home in times of famine, much like the biblical account of Jacob's sons journeying to Egypt for sustenance. In a modern spiritual sense, this could represent those who abandon everything to follow a higher calling, seeking nourishment for their souls. Yet, history also speaks of individuals who, driven by persecution, have had to wander through deserts and mountains, finding refuge in caves to escape their enemies.

However, there's a cautionary tale here. It also addresses those dissatisfied with their current life circumstances, seeking new occupations without regard for the potential fallout. This could be harmful not only to themselves but also to their families. Spiritually speaking, it warns against straying from established paths of understanding and worship, suggesting that such departures often lead to detrimental outcomes.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Picture this: the joy brought by a splash of fragrant perfume or a touch of rich ointment during a lively gathering. It's not just the luxury oils used in sacred rituals, but the everyday scents used to brighten up rooms and welcome guests. They lift the spirits and please the senses, making everyone feel at ease and happy.

Now, think about the sweet, sincere advice from a good friend. Their heartfelt words and thoughtful counsel are like those delightful scents, bringing even more joy and comfort. You cherish it, you take it to heart, and you feel genuinely uplifted by it. It's not just any advice, but guidance that touches the core of your being, offering wisdom for both present challenges and future aspirations.

Imagine the advice from Christ, about finding spiritual riches, or the timeless guidance from the Scriptures—these are like a rich ointment for the soul. They bring life and hope, resonating deeply with those who listen. Even some Jewish scholars believe that a friend's sweet counsel is more delightful than one's own wisdom. After all, isn't that why the wise words from a close companion often feel more precious and impactful?

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In a heartfelt nod to the value of long-lasting relationships, the advice here is simple yet profound: stick with the friends who have stood the test of time, including those who were close to your parents. More often than not, relying on new acquaintances can lead to unintended consequences. This is something biblical figure Solomon took to heart, maintaining a strong bond with his father's ally, Hiram. Unfortunately, his son Rehoboam ignored the seasoned counsel of his father’s advisors in favor of younger, less experienced voices, and as a result, lost control of ten tribes.

For modern readers, this age-old wisdom underscores the importance of trusted friendships, those who have proven their loyalty over the years. It equates such friends to God, who remains a steadfast ally through all of life's ups and downs.

Furthermore, in times of personal crisis, such as financial trouble or distress, the text advises against burdening your siblings with your problems. Instead, turn to those reliable friends who have shown time and again that they care deeply for you—sometimes, a loyal friend living nearby can provide more immediate and heartfelt support than a distant family member. This timeless truth is echoed in literature, too; when the skies darken in your life, it’s those old, true friends who will likely stand by your side.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

"Son, be wise and make my heart glad."

In simple terms, show your wisdom through your words and actions. Strive for knowledge and use it well - nothing pleases a parent more than seeing their child act with wisdom and prudence.

This way, when critics come at me, accusing me of raising a foolish or wicked son, or implying I set a poor example or failed in your education, I will have an answer for them. Your wise behavior is the best rebuttal to any reproach.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

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By John Gills

A wise person sees trouble coming and prepares for it. Understanding the nature and consequences of sin, both in terms of actions and inner desires, they become aware of the damage it can cause. Sin distorts humanity's reflection of God, strips away righteousness, and corrupts the soul. Recognizing this, the wise are filled with regret, reject their past misdeeds, and seek forgiveness.

Faced with the looming threat of divine punishment and eternal separation from God, the wise seek refuge not in physical hiding places or their own good deeds, but in Christ. They find solace in His sacrifice, seeing Him as a stronghold against God's wrath – a safe harbor amidst storms. Christ’s redemption and intercession provide the needed sanctuary.

On the other hand, those who remain naive and careless continue their ways without concern. Oblivious to the impending danger, they persist in their wrongdoings until they ultimately face unavoidable catastrophe, falling into an inescapable abyss.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

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By John Gills

In other words, if someone has vouched for a stranger, it's wise to take their garment as collateral. The same goes if they've guaranteed for someone they barely know. This ancient proverb highlights the importance of cautiousness when dealing with unfamiliar individuals.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

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By John Gills

Imagine waking up at the crack of dawn to the sound of someone loudly singing your praises. It’s not just any morning greeting, but an over-the-top, extravagant shower of compliments that could make anyone cringe. This is the kind of scenario discussed in an ancient proverb, which warns against the dangers of excessive flattery.

We're talking about someone who doesn’t just pay a compliment, but goes way beyond the bounds of modesty and truth, using grandiose and hyperbolic language. It's the kind of praise that’s so loud and so public that it’s clear there's an ulterior motive behind it. This individual is not just trying to be nice; they're trying to manipulate or gain something by being a sycophant.

Whether it’s because this person rises absurdly early to start their adulation or because they do it incessantly throughout the day, their actions are a bit suspicious. It’s almost as if they think they won’t have enough daylight hours to finish their overblown tribute unless they start at the break of day.

Here’s the kicker: this behavior isn’t just eye-roll-inducing; it actually backfires. The proverb suggests that rather than being seen as a well-wisher, the flatterer is viewed with the same disdain as someone who curses. Both the flatterer and the flattered become subjects of contempt. Wise people see right through the charade and despise the flatterer, while the recipient of such exaggerated praise may end up being the target of others' resentment or skepticism.

In some cases, even divine disapproval can come into play. Referencing the biblical tale of Herod, showered with flattering words right before facing divine retribution, it’s clear that such empty flattery can invoke the opposite of the intended effect. So, next time you think about doling out praise, remember: honesty and modesty go a long way, and there's no need to wake up the neighborhood with your compliments.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

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By John Gills

Imagine being stuck indoors on a day when the rain just won't let up. You're not just wrestling with the weather seeping through a leaky roof but also the irritating drip, drip, drip that comes with it. It's a miserable affair, forcing you to huddle inside with no relief in sight. Now, picture this scenario as a metaphor for living with a quarrelsome partner.

In the Book of Proverbs, a contentious woman is likened to that unpleasant, never-ending drizzle. Just as you can't escape the discomfort inside or outside on such a rainy day, a man finds no peace at home with a constantly nagging and argumentative spouse. Venturing outside offers no solace either, as he risks becoming the subject of ridicule among friends and neighbors. And when he returns, he's likely to face even more criticism for daring to step out in the first place.

Ancient wisdom indeed, but the analogy rings true for anyone who has ever faced the double whammy of relentless rain and relentless bickering.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Trying to silence a contentious person, especially a quarrelsome woman, is as futile as trying to hold back the wind with your bare hands. Imagine someone desperately attempting to contain the breeze by cupping it tightly — it's a laughably impossible task. Similarly, efforts to stifle her noisy disputes only seem to amplify the drama and reinforce the embarrassment.

Consider someone holding a fragrant ointment in their hand. No matter how tightly they grip it, the scent inevitably escapes, announcing its presence to everyone nearby. The more they try to conceal it, the more noticeable it becomes. This is a perfect metaphor for the difficulty of quenching the verbal storms of a contentious person. The harder you try to suppress her outbursts, the louder and more apparent they become.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

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By John Gills

In the same way a butcher sharpens his tools with iron, spending time with friends can sharpen one's mind and spirit. Conversations with friends, much like scholarly debates or thoughtful Christian fellowship, encourage personal and intellectual growth. Each person brings out the best in the other, nurturing their abilities and inspiring them to pursue good deeds and deeper knowledge. While most interpret this iron-sharpening metaphor in a positive light, some suggest that, just as iron can also provoke friction, a hot-tempered individual can stir up anger in others. Nonetheless, many agree that camaraderie and good company bring joy and enrich one’s life.

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By John Gills

If you nurture a fig tree, it's only natural that you'll get to enjoy its fruits. In the same way, someone who diligently cares for their employer, protecting their interests and faithfully carrying out their duties, will inevitably receive recognition for their efforts. This idea is embodied in the story of Joseph, who was honored in Potiphar's house for his loyalty and dedication. The principle extends to all who earnestly follow commands and serve diligently – they too will find themselves honored.

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By John Gills

In the old saying, "As in water, face reflects face," ancient wisdom meets modern observation. Simply put, just as you see your own reflection in water, you see what's in another person's heart through their actions and expressions. Despite the poet saying you can't always trust a face, emotions like anger or resentment often break through, much like they did with Cain or the change Jacob noticed in Laban.

Essentially, what people say and do gives away their inner thoughts. Think of the Bible as a mirror—like water—that helps us see our spiritual selves. Scriptures, especially the law, not only reveal God’s standards but also our own flaws and sins. The Gospel, on the other hand, lets us spot Christ’s influence within us, showing if we genuinely embody his teachings through virtues like faith, hope, and love.

Remarkably, human hearts are quite similar to each other. Whether good or bad, unregenerate or devout, we all share a lot beneath the surface. Bad hearts, untouched by grace, are universally wicked and inclined toward evil. But good hearts, shaped by the same divine work, resonate with each other's experiences and struggles. They’ve all turned away from sin and self-righteousness to rely on Christ fully.

Our spiritual battles, promises, and temptations mirror the saints of the past and present. In this way, the human heart mirrors another’s as precisely as a face in water, uniting us across ages and cultures. Interestingly, some interpretations flip this idea, suggesting human hearts are as unique as individual faces seen in a stream. But whether similar or diverse, it's clear: our inner lives are as telling as our reflections in water.

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Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Hell and destruction are never filled up. The grave, often referred to as 'destruction' because bodies placed in it decay quickly, perpetually craves more bodies. No matter how many enter, it remains ready for the next. The biblical reference to the place where Gog is buried, Hamongog, or the Greek 'Polyandrion,' highlights this unending hunger. The dead, called 'the many' by Latins, do not saturate the grave, which perpetually seeks more, as noted in Proverbs 30:16. The concept also extends to hell, understood as a place of eternal damnation, which has already engulfed countless souls and awaits more, remaining unsatisfied until the end of time.

Similarly, human eyes are never content. Physically, our eyes always desire more to see, never reaching a point of saturation, as Ecclesiastes 1:8 suggests. This insatiable craving extends beyond the physical to the metaphorical "eyes" of our desires—whether ambition, greed, or lust. These, too, are never satiated, constantly yearning for more.

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By John Gills

Consider silver and gold, which undergo intense heating to prove their purity. Similarly, a person's true character is revealed in the face of praise. If someone self-aggrandizes, as mentioned in Proverbs 27:2, they show their folly and vanity. On the other hand, if people of integrity commend someone, that person likely boasts similar virtues. Conversely, praise from unsavory individuals might indicate a shared lack of integrity.

The essence is this: Observe how praise affects someone. If it leads to arrogance and conceit, the person is likely shallow. However, if they remain humble, driven, and grateful, crediting their achievements to higher powers or others, they display wisdom and goodness.

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By John Gills

Even if you pound a fool as you would pulverize wheat in a mortar, he won't change his ways. Just like wheat retains its nature despite being beaten and ground up, a foolish person will remain foolish no matter how harshly he is treated. Be it through harsh words, stern advice, or even physical punishment, nothing seems to strip away his inherent foolishness. Whether this correction happens in a public setting like a congregation or council, or in a private moment of reprimand, the fool's inherent depravity and tendency towards sin remain stubbornly intact, echoing the frustration expressed in Isaiah 1:5. This sentiment is reminiscent of the cruel fate of the philosopher Anaxarchus, who endured the punishment of being pounded to death in a stone mortar, yet faced it with unyielding patience.

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By John Gills

Pay close attention to your livestock—know the state of your flocks inside and out. This means understanding their health, how well they're producing, and ensuring they have the right pasture and necessary resources. Not only should you be aware of their overall number, but you should also connect with each animal individually if possible.

This advice is particularly aimed at shepherds, whose role is noble and necessary, but it's just as applicable to anyone in any line of work. The same degree of attentiveness and hard work should be put into all jobs to secure the welfare of oneself and one's family.

Interestingly, the original text uses "the face of thy flocks," suggesting that diligent shepherds might recognize each sheep distinctly. While it could be seen as guidance for actual shepherds, it's equally relevant to spiritual leaders, encouraging them to take good care of their congregations. Just as shepherds are responsible for their sheep, pastors should be attentive to their flock's well-being, providing guidance and understanding.

Additionally, look after your cattle with genuine care. Show heartfelt concern for their needs because meeting these needs benefits both you and them.

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Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

Riches are fleeting, here today and gone tomorrow. Even if you've got a sizable fortune, it's wise to have a steady day job—farming, for instance, is a good bet. By tending to your crops or livestock, you're more likely to keep and grow your wealth, whereas relying solely on your riches is risky.

And what about those in power? Even a royal crown isn't a guarantee for the future. A king might reign today, but there's no promise it will stay in his family for generations. Historically, even kings took to farming, like China's ancient rulers who set an example of hard work for their people. King Hezekiah, too, amassed great amounts of livestock to ensure his wealth (2 Chronicles 32:28).

In essence, be diligent and invest your time in something sustainable, because neither money nor power is a sure thing.

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Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

The hay appears, and the tender grass shows itself, illustrating the straightforwardness of pastoral life. While some interpret this passage as a comment on the fleeting nature of wealth, which disappears as quickly as newly-sprouted grass transforms into hay, it more convincingly promotes the ease of pastoral living.

The idea here is simple: grass grows abundantly on the earth's valleys and hills, ready for livestock to graze upon. This eliminates the need for hefty efforts; just drive your herds to the pastures and let them feed. Cut, dry, and store the hay for winter. Even as you store away your hay, new grass springs up, ensuring a continuous food supply for your livestock.

Moreover, the herbs growing on mountainsides can be gathered for immediate use for the cattle or stored for future needs. They also serve a medicinal purpose, highlighting their multifaceted utility in a pastoral setting.

In short, pastoral life offers a sustainable and relatively effortless way to maintain livestock, thanks to the natural provisions of the land.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In today's economic landscape, it's clear that hard work and diligence in any profession can lead to tangible rewards. Take, for instance, the role of a shepherd. The wool from lambs isn't just an endpoint; it transforms into warm, comfortable clothing, much like Job long ago suggested.

Similarly, goats, often underappreciated, hold substantial economic value. By raising and selling them, a farmer can generate funds to buy more land for grazing or other vital resources for their livelihood. This idea finds support in ancient texts and interpretations, which hint at goats being bartered for life's essentials. So, for both sustenance and apparel, the synergy between lambs and goats is indispensable, showcasing a harmonious balance of utility in agriculture.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Paraphrased Commentary

By John Gills

In Proverbs 27:27, the scripture assures us that a diligent farmer will have plenty of goat's milk to sustain himself, his household, and his servants. The text contrasts male goats, which were often sold to finance various needs, with female goats, valued for their milk. This milk wasn't just a staple in people's diets; it was also recommended by some doctors as highly nutritious, second only to human milk.

The message is clear: a hardworking and attentive individual will be rewarded with enough provision to satisfy his family's needs. Even if this means simple fare like goat's milk, it underscores the importance of contentment with what one has, as long as it meets basic needs. This echoes a broader life lesson about the virtue of diligence and the satisfaction of modest but sufficient living.

Read more: John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible